Aluminum smelter in South Africa Essay

We recommend you do not build this new Greenfield primary aluminum smelter in South Africa. In order to achieve a 15% ROI on your investment, you require a long-term average price of $1500 for aluminum. We have estimated that demand for primary aluminum in 5 years will be at $20bn, which will support a market price of around $1490. This heavily builds on the assumption that aluminum inventories will be zero by that time, which depends on a successful implementation of the international Memorandum of Understanding. Historically these non-binding agreements have been very hard to enforce, and so a scenario where supply is far greater than demand is likely, leading to large inventories and lower prices. It is because of this uncertainty that we recommend you do not build the plant. Back-up calculations: 1.ROI calculation: Given investment costs of $1.6bn, full capacity of 466,000 t/year and an ROI requirement of 15%, we calculated that you require a price of $1,500 per ton of aluminum. 2.In the short run, all smelters need to cover variable costs, which include electricity, alumina, other material costs and freight cost. In the long-run, they need to cover total costs. a.The current price ($1,100) covers variable costs for 20 million tons of capacity; the long-run price will have to be higher. b.Smelters may hesitate to scale down production of individual pots, as this will still incur costs of labour or other non-material costs, as well as additional costs in having to rebuild and reline the pots. c.Not all producers are subject to the same pressures, e.g., variable costs differ significantly between different smelters (different size, efficiency, tax breaks, power agreements). Government-run facilities may have more financial support due to their social role in addition to pure production, such as securing raw materials supply for domestic industries, as well as providing jobs for local communities. 3.Given a CAGR of 2% per year, we estimate total aluminum demand to be 27 million tons in 1998. Assuming that inventories are zero, and primary demand accounts for 74% of total supply, this would imply primary demand of 20 million tons. 4.To produce 20 million tons, the price would be around $1,490 per ton. 5.The reduction in inventories and stabilization of the price level depends on the success of the MoU. Other producers may not look favorably on you opening a new smelter when they have had to cut down on production.

Show Some Respect

Show Some Respect Michel de Montaigne once said, â€Å"There is, nevertheless, a certain respect and a general duty of humanity that ties us, not only to beasts that have life and sense, but even to trees and plants† (Foglia). Respect is the catalyst in the formation of a stepping stone on the path through the forest of life, creating bonds with all living creatures along the way. It is through respect that the other six of the seven teachings are formed. Instilled in the youth of my time, or at least in my family, is to always be respectful towards all elders. This is something that today’s youth has let fade into the past.It is heart wrenching to see elders being bad mouthed, ignored, and treated so cruelly. I was always taught to listen to what my elders were offering me in advice, even if I didn’t want it. I never once dared to talk back. If you respect your elders, take the time to listen. You’ll be truly inspired as you hear their stories of long ago . Elders hold so much wisdom of the past, we can learn from them on how to better our future as people and caretakers of mother earth. Croaker 2 That being said, respect can also be defined in how we treat Mother Earth. Taking the time to recycle is one way of showing respect to her.It’s really sad to see all the garbage being buried beneath her surface. Mother Earth is not a dumping ground, she’s a birthing ground. Every spring she gives birth to new life to shed more beauty upon us. From the first flower breaking the surface to the greening of the trees. She welcomes in not only the human births, but the births of animals as well. That alone deserves the utmost respect, so let’s do our part and keep her clean. â€Å"Respect yourself and take good care of yourself† (Using the Seven Traditional Teachings to Raise Healthy Anishinaabe Children 18).This is the first step in defining what respect is. How do you treat yourself? Do you ask for help when you nee d it or do you proceed alone? Questions purposely left unanswered because it’s too hard to face the fact that they lost respect for themselves. People are constantly disrespecting their bodies by abusing drugs and alcohol. Maybe that’s why most won’t look in the mirror. They are too afraid they won’t like what they see because they lost all respect for their spirit to thrive. Because of this I see the pain emanating from the eyes of our precious elders as they watch our youth commit cultural genocide.Mashkode-bizhiki, translated into English from the Ojibwe language means buffalo. I do not know exactly why our people chose this animal to represent respect in the seven teachings. However, I believe their paths have been intertwined with the Anishinaabe people because together they endured the tests of time. They had to go survive harsh winter conditions without the luxury of electricity to keep them warm at night. They were also slaughtered senselessly by Croaker 3 the white man as they took their lands from them. Here we are today, still standing strong but fewer in numbers just like the mashkode-bizhiki.If the path through the forest of life was marked with stones that represented each one of our sacred seven teachings, the stone of respect would begin the path. The next teachings would then follow. Because, respect forms all other teachings that assists in the formation of bonds with all living creatures as well. Works Cited: Foglia, Marc. â€Å"Michel De Montaigne. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 18 Aug 2004. Web. 21 Jan 2013. . â€Å"Using the Seven Teachings to Raise Healthy Anishinaabe Children. † Booklet. 18. print

Book Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Book Report - Assignment Example They believed this would be achieved only when the power was shifted back to the worker, consequently, ending the country’s inclination to a being run by the capitalist elite rather than a democratic state. Foner shows how the public’s sensed of a power imbalance in the country leading to the populist movement, which sought to address the problem by ensuring there, was equality. This will mean that the public will have more voice in the crucial sectors in the country in that there were reforms in the country’s economic systems and policies. The populist movement, which can be traced to rural America, involved both whites and the black populace. The movement aimed to make certain that the apprehensions of both parties were addressed and that there was equality in the land. This was through uniting the interest of both parties and presenting them through a united front. The mobilization of this movement was done mainly during social events like picnics among other social avenues (Niemi, William, and Plante 217). These meetings provided a platform for the spread of the populist agenda. The women were also involved in the process hence removing the gender barrier. The populist movement ensured that the society was equal in that the interests of all the parties were encompassed in the movement’s agenda (Foner 213). The populist movement attempted to bring equality to America. With the country’s rise to being a super, power its responsibilities in term of ensuring equality in and outside its boundaries. This wa s through the stop of imperialist expansion, which was a threat for the liberties of other nations. Through this America ensured that there was equality for the small nations and the mighty ones. Foner also explores the significance of the progressive era. The progressive era involved idealists who aimed to reform the political process. They noticed

Explain the four fundamental forces of the universe Research Paper

Explain the four fundamental forces of the universe - Research Paper Example ‎ The basic force that makes up our Universe is the force of gravity, which has the widest reach, yet it is the weakest of all four in its actual magnitude. It was the first force to be discovered, but it is the least understood of all. Gravity in its nature is purely attractive, it travels through even a void of empty space to bring and create attraction between the two masses bringing them towards each other. This is the force that keeps the planets including Earth orbiting around the Sun, as well as the Moon that orbits around the Earth. The force carrying particle responsible for gravity is known as gravitation. The theory of general relativity defines gravitation as being the curve of space-time engulfing an object that has mass. This curvature then makes a situation in which the path with least energy is in direction of the other object with mass. From normal person’s perspective it may seem unlikely that gravity is defined as being a weak force as it can operate across great distances. This however holds true as on the subatomic level the force that gravity exerts is a much weaker than electromagnetic forces (Sukys 51). The electromagnetism is interaction between the particles carrying an electrical charge. The magnetic and electric effects like interaction of the bar magnets or repulsion of electrical charges are caused by the electromagnetic force. The charged particles that at rest have an interaction through the electrostatic forces, in motion use both the magnetic as well as electrical forces to interact. The magnetic and electrical forces were seen to be different for quite some time; eventually in 1864 they were finally unified by work of James Maxwell in what came to be known as Maxwell’s equations. Photon is the force carrying particle responsible for transmitting the electromagnetic force. Electromagnetism was consolidated with the quantum physics

Marketing research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing research project - Essay Example ow to target markets or segment markets based on consumer’s preferences is a relatively tough job to do but it is crucial for the company of Graham Elliot, who has the required experience and knowledge about high risk sports and the location where he wants to introduce adventure holidays. However, he is unsure about how to segment markets in the region and is also relatively unaware of the consumer’s attitude towards the business. The segmentation of a market will allow the company to know the prospects of the business and to allow it to know the group of people who will be most interested in the business. This detail about the market will enable the company to work on gaining the highest return on its investment. The trends in purchasing, attitudes and behaviour of consumers also needs to be studied. The company also needs to know how the business of adventure holidays can be promoted once it is established. The research conducted in the North East Market will help the company to know which types of consumers prefer adventure holidays. It will help the company of Graham Elliot to target markets to maximize their profits. The research will state whether skiing and mountain biking in the Isere and Drome Valleys will be feasible and the responses of the consumers in Ardeche and Verdon Gorges of introducing canyoning and climbing in the region. It will help in segmentation of the market and target marketing for road biking in areas of Les Deux Alps and Mount Ventoux. The research will also give a general idea of the kinds of adventurous sports that can be also introduced in the later years to promote the growth of the business and to gain a competitive advantage over the rival companies. The research will also enable the company to know the pricing strategies to be used in comparison with the rival company’s. Exploratory research will be carried out to help with the investigation. Consumers will be interviewed one by one as to their opinions, preferences, the

Work Breakdown Structure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work Breakdown Structure - Assignment Example The time frame for completing all activities at the terminal ends must be within the confines of one reporting period. If the activity may spill over to the next period, then it should be further subdivided. It is possible to contract out the terminal elements of work as single units of activities. For instance, all the activities in the above WBS can be contracted to specific individuals or groups. The terminal elements should represent work activities that realistically are not possible to break further (Miller 98). The Tree Structure Format was employed in developing the work breakdown structure. This is the commonly used format in presenting the WBS. The major advantage over other methods is that it is easy to understand just by taking a quick glance (Miller 109). Users can quickly be able to view the flow of work and what they are expected to do. The downside is that it may be difficult to create compared to others such as the Tabular Format. In project management, certain activities or whole project may spiral out of control and take longer than usual to complete. This may occur due to lack of proper planning of the scope of the project ahead of its implementation. This is referred to as the scope creep. IT projects are highly susceptible to scope creep. For example, FoxMeyer Drug, a large pharmaceutical company experienced scope creep on trying to install a multimillion IT system that would manage all critical operations. The scope of the project experienced a continuous growth until the costs became prohibitive (Schwalbe 209). The IT system also experienced billing errors. The cause of scope creep in this case was the lack of a clearly defined scope of work. There were no elaborate work limits during the initial stages of the project. Product testing could also have helped eliminate failures in the new system which resulted to errors (Schwalbe 210). Northrop Grumman, a manufacturing company experienced scope creep during implementation

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Review - Article Example For all those abroad and at home made uncomfortable by the far-reaching assertions of American power, it was a time of predictable aggravation (Brennan 1). Without shock, they heard an overconfident Republican president swearing to make his nation’s attackers pay, and appearing to pay no more attention to legal facts instead of a cowboy bent on an execution. Behind all these endeavors lie two solid questions left answered by Mr. Bush’s rallying call of 2001: whether the United States can lay claim to the lawful powers of a country waging war, or whether it is more just, wiser or more useful to murder or capture terrorists and militants bent on causing harm to the country. Such an article, if gone through by business leaders, would persuade them to invest in the United States since the article informs people how the nation has improved technologically (Brennan 1). The article supports Obama’s use of technology to bring prosperity to the United States, which is a good way of attracting investors to the

Effective Managment of Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Effective Managment of Change - Research Paper Example The change process was initially started by chairman Vanvelde who was employed in 2000. However, his policies remained quite successful in first 2 years i-e 2001 – 2002 but then failed to eradicate structural issues in the company. The company continued to expand its business operations in both domestic and global markets with the passage of time and diversified its business. The chairman enabled the firm to operate in new markets and improve its financial position by 2004 but internal inefficiencies had still remained a headache for strategic planners. As far as changes in the later period of 2005- 2008 is concerned, it is worthwhile to mention that M&S developed and implemented PLAN A in 2007 under guidance, supervision and leadership of Mr. Stuart Rose to eradicate structural problems and restore its competitiveness in the marketplace. The policies of Mr. Stuart helped in eradicating many management and administrative inefficiencies and restoration of employees’ confidence over strategic planners in M&A. The report will critically evaluate the overall change management and implementation process followed by a detailed SWOT analysis of Marks and Spencer in 2010. The report will also include forecasts about any future changes (and their management) and will finally end up with a conclusion. Change Management is a technique adopted by strategic planners and top managers to improve organisational efficiency, productivity and environment. The strategy is widely used as a part of Restructuring and Reengineering Program within an organisational context to ensure a discrimination organisational culture, open information sharing, shared values and experimentation so that employees can contribute more for goal accomplishment and financial gains. Our company Marks and Spencer is a leading manufacturer / producer, marketer and seller of top quality ready-made garments or apparel, shoes, food

Model of Albert Memorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Model of Albert Memorial - Essay Example Built around 1863 by Sir George Gilbert Scott, model of the Albert Memorial still remains to be an authentic emblem of neo-Gothic architecture till date. The plastered and gilt model neatly wears a polished gander testifying to the facsimile of the original Memorial tower located in Kensington Gardens in the English capital.2 The model was commissioned by Queen Victoria to commemorate Prince Albert, her beloved husband who passed away in 1861. This essay is going to discuss the key points related to the model of Albert Memorial and not the Memorial itself. These points will pertain to the designing and production of the object as well as the technical aspects of the neo-Gothic style of architecture. The literature studies will involve exhaustive analysis of relevant sources, including images, critiques, historical accounts and other informative data. The model of Albert Memorial depicts a seated figure of Prince Albert shielded by a covering which is adorned with symbolic figures of angels. It is topped by a cross and positioned on a platform having ornamented horizontal bands between the architrave and the cornice. Figures of poets, painters, architects and authors are carved on the friezes with moulded plaster. ... It was orchestrated by the fact that middle class segment of the society gained ascendance following steady decline of the aristocratic upper class. The Industrial Revolution that shook the whole of Europe during this time also opened up new job avenues for the skilled craftsmen. Subsequently, both the elite class and the growing middle class could share a common point of interest ahead of the revivalistic phase during Queen Victoria's regime. In essence, the Industrial Revolution captured the spirit of the Aesthetic movement in the British society.4 Veblen (2004: 194) argues that the flurry of products conforming to the genre of industry arts was not caused by some arbitrary movement in aesthetic competence. Rather it was very much an acquired skill mastered through proper grooming of the workers within a systematic framework.5 Thus it would be justified to claim that the deployment of skilled workforce by Queen Victoria for the task of building the Albert Memorial model corresponde d to the norms of the transition from the Elizabethan to the Victorian era. Figure 2. Red House, Kent: Aesthetic Movement (Strickland and Handy 2001: 101) Mainly cast plaster is used to build the model, with a metallic framework to provide support. As far as decoration is concerned, an array of architectural techniques is incorporated to make it look like the original Memorial. The triangular gables beneath the covering are affixed with gilded and pied paper works representing mosaic. Granite effect is created through a scagliola-like decoration vested in the column shafts, the model floor, bases of the four corners, and the steps. The sculptured band around the base and other portions of the model are painted with a thick layer of

Formal analysis of a work of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formal analysis of a work of art - Essay Example Dressing Room is remarkable and representative of his mature work. Dressing Room is one of the Kuhn’s impressive and eye-catching realistic images of a theater performer in a quiet moment backstage. Fascinated by such persons who existed on the borders of society, Kuhn dedicated this image with an unselfconscious sexuality that was still uncommon in American art of the period1. In Dressing Room painting, a sparkling female stage performer who looks like a dancer stands in her dressing room and looks like she is ready to go on stage. She looks like a pensive female performer still in her costume with heavy 1920’s makeup. Behind her on the right side, there is a chair/sofa with a cushion. The left side composition of the painting shows a dresser and a clothing stand topped with hats. A partly obscured sign on the wall reveals that this is not a private room 1. This painting strikes the classic pose of the body conscious young female. She is standing with arms raised and hands behind her head and exposing her upper body. She is wearing a small and entertaining costume. Her short and dark hair is made folded with a bulky red bow. Her makeup is heavy and bold with dark blushes on the chick and deep red lipstick reveals that she has just finished her dress-up and now she is ready to go to stage to perform her task. It looks very clear from girl’s seductive extended pose that she has prepared for stage show but there is no emotion on her face and her eyes are empty and show her deep sadness and unwilling feelings which gives the idea that she is not so far involved in the job of performing for the enjoyment of men. The dressing room is a place for performers for the staging of character. The performer enters in the dressing room as its whole self and exits as a prescribed character that is intended to perform in front of audience. In this

Federalism & Parliament. Essay Example for Free

Federalism Parliament. Essay Federalism is a political philosophy or a system of government where leadership of a state is divided between a central head and its sub-units. States with a federal form of government are split into different territories, each territories are then governed by the sub-units. Each unit can act independently of other units such that each territory may different laws governing them. The central government, on the other hand, act for the common good which grants substantial autonomy to each territory. As a result, territories are subject to their laws and those imposed by the central government. The United States of America is an example of a country with a federal form of government from which each state has its own state legislature but must at the same time follow the laws made by the United States Congress. Parliament. A parliament is a legislature operating under a parliamentary system of government. In more simple terms, the parliament is the body of people who represents the general population and who meet and discuss matters of state. Members of parliaments may be elected or not, although representatives are rarely non-elected. Members of parliaments also have the power to elect the head of state, usually called the Prime Minister. As such, the head of state is answerable to and would only hold office as long as the parliament is confident on the heads leadership. The latter part is possible because the parliament also hold the power to dismiss or to request an early dissolution. Parliaments may also be divided between chambers or houses. The British Parliament, for example, is divided between the House of Lords and the House of Commons, although only members of the House of Commons is referred to as the parliament. Constitution. A constitution is a fundamental system of laws, written or unwritten, which establishes the rules and principles of a sovereign state. Constitutions set up the basis for governments, defining the limits and relations of each political structures of the state. States which have democratic forms of government, for example, have executive, legislative and judiciary authorities which have separate powers and duties but are interdependent of each other. Most constitution also cover the claim of territories and guarantee certain rights to people. While constitutions may be in unwritten form, having it in written or codified form makes it more easily understood and coherent. However, written constitutions are still usually relatively rigid than with other laws, allowing for a potentially wide range of interpretations. High Court. A high court refers to the superior court of justice, the court of last resort, or the highest judicial body within a specific autonomous state. In the United States, for example, high court refers to the Supreme Court. Being the highest judicial body, rulings of high court could no longer be subjected to further review by another court. High court decisions usually impact other cases in that most states have a doctrine called stare decisis for rulings covering common law from which previous rulings and decisions constitute binding precedence upon the same court or courts of lower status within their jurisdictions. That means that judges are obliged to follow the precedents established in prior high court decisions in subsequent cases. Others have, on the other hand, the principle of jurisprudence constante from which previous decisions applying a particular law carries great weight and may be determinative in subsequent cases. Responsible Government. A responsible government is a concept in a system of government embodying the principles of accountability. In the United Kingdom, for example, responsible government manifests itself in several ways. The Prime Minister account to the Parliament for decisions and departmental performances. They retain office for as long as the lower house of holds confidence in his or her leadership. However, once the lower house has passed a motion of no confidence, the Prime Minister must immediately resign and the government is subjected to the electorate for a general election. In Canada, responsible government encompass ministerial responsibility. Collective ministerial responsibility involves principles which ensure that the prime minister and all cabinet ministers pursue a policy consistent with the priorities of their party which has the support of the majority of voters.

Decomposition of Bleach Essay Example for Free

Decomposition of Bleach Essay In this experiment, the rate of decomposition is calculated by measuring the volume of the product gas using water displacement. The reactant used is household bleach, which contains 5 to 6% of NaClO. The decomposition can be stated in this following equation: 2 ClO- (aq) 2 Cl- (aq) + O2 (g) To measure the rate of decomposition, a catalyst is needed to fasten the reaction. A suitable catalyst is Co2O3, which is produced from mixing Co(NO3)2 and bleach. The reaction can be described as follows: 2 Co2+ (aq) + ClO- (aq) + 2H2O (l) Co2O3 (s) + 4 H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Purpose The objective of this experiment is to determine the rate of decomposition of bleach by measurement of gas production at several different temperatures. Hypothesis The decomposition rate will increase if the surrounding temperature increases. If the surrounding temperature increases by 10C, the reaction rate will double. If the temperature decreases by 10C, then the reaction rate will decrease by half. Materials * Household Bleach * Co(NO3)2 solution * Erlenmeyer flask * Stopper and tube * Ring stand * Burette * Graduated cylinder * Thermometer * Burette clamp Procedure Refer to lab instruction sheet Decomposition of Bleach Data Table 1 Accumulation of Oxygen at Room Temperature (24C) Time Interval (s) Volume of Gas (mL) Time Interval (s) Volume of Gas (mL) 30 3.5 210 29.9 60 9.1 240 34.3 90 13.4 270 38.3 120 18.0 300 42.0 150 20.8 330 44.5 180 25.9 360 50.1 Table 2 Accumulation of Oxygen at 10C above Room Temperature (34C) Time Interval (s) Volume of Gas (mL) Time Interval (s) Volume of Gas (mL) 30 8.1 180 37.5 60 13.9 210 41.3 90 20.4 240 45.4 120 26.0 270 49.4 150 31.8 \ Table 3 Accumulation of Oxygen at 10C below Room Temperature (14C) Time Interval (s) Volume of Gas (mL) Time Interval (s) Volume of Gas (mL) 60 0 900 27.2 120 0 960 29.5 180 0 1020 31.9 240 1.8 1080 33.5 300 4.0 1140 36.0 360 6.5 1200 38.0 420 8.9 1260 40.5 540 11.8 1320 42.1 600 13.2 1380 44.1 660 15.6 1440 45.6 720 18.1 1500 47.5 780 21.0 1560 49.6 840 23.0 1579 50.0 Analysis Calculations: Reaction Rate = Reaction rate at room temperature = = 0.14 mL O2 / s Reaction rate at 10C above room temperature = = 0.17 mL O2 / s Reaction rate at 10C below room temperature = = 0.036 mL O2 / s Table 4 Rate of Decomposition of Bleach Surrounding Temperature (C) Reaction Rate (mL/ s)

Reasons For Dominance Of One Party Rule Politics Essay

Reasons For Dominance Of One Party Rule Politics Essay Various authors and political analysts have criticized the one-party-system in Africa and its impact on democracy and development of the dark continent. There have been debates over the past as to whether single-state party system is the way to go for Africa, with civil societies, international organizations and local African scholars deeming the practice as barbaric, undemocratic and a system that will destroy Africa. There are several reasons why the one-party rule tendency was dominant among African countries. Consolidation among ethnicities Many African countries have experienced serious threats to their national cohesion, post-independence and ethnic clashes caused by internal disputes regarding imperative resources like land, minerals, water and power. After gaining independence, most African countries transpired into the single-party system, argued as the ideal way to bring the people together before engaging in power struggles brought about by multi-partism. Aknirade.S (2000) claims that the one-party system ensured stability within a democracy.She asserts that multi-partism and democratization is accompanied by struggle for power and division in the people among political partys lines. The jostle for the limited power will cause upheaval in the national cohesion. A single-party system ensures consolidation in the political arena and ensures that conflicts and chaos which could lead to war and mass destruction are avoided. She argues that former Tanzanian President Nyereres move to adopt single-party system was a mo ve, meant to solve the tension existing between tribes as a result of social divisions, but misinterpreted as a move out of ignorance. She further adds that the African states were observing and following suit of the European systems of governance, where legitimacy of the state was ensured before allowing competitive parties to play part. Elite fragmentation in the governance is according to her, a major cause of disruption among African states. Wars, chaos and violence A single-state system appeals unity, strength and brings about communalism and multi-party systems will bring about division among ethnic groups and economic disintegration of certain areas in a country according to many African leaders Another argument why the single-party system is suitable for the African people is the disputes brought about by elections. As trivial as it may seem, African economies have been marred with problems arising from poll violence. This is an outcome related to multi-partism where political leaders break the rules of the game to ensure a win driven by self-aggrandizement, and greed for power. It has been reported in very few cases where political leaders accept defeat during election and inciting their supporters to act. Hameso.S (2002) critiques the attitude among African leaders claiming that when changes seem eminent, political protagonists refuse to accept the outcome as fair. A recent case involved Kenya during the 2007-2008 elections, where alleged rigging caused tribes to kill other tribes. The post election violence was caused simply because the politics were tribal based. Two major tribes had their candidates as the major runners, and when one was defeated, the losing contender cried foul sparking up ethnic wars among different tribes in the country. The result was the death of thousands the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people (BBC April 13, 2008). These Kenyans claimed to kill in the name of democracy, the same democracy brought about by multi-partism.The situation was ironically solved by the power-sharing agreement between the two main candidates, insinuating a thirst for power among the leaders, a case also observed in Zimbabwe,2008(Peta.B February 4,2009). The political problem in this case is deeply rooted in the minds of Kenyans, which runs deep along tribal lines, and how to change the perception of the people is still a hard task, and its indeed a sad case. This is blamed on the exemption of some tribes in the nation building so competitive politics is definitely ethnic based. Another unfortunate incident brought about by the struggle for power in multi-party states was the arrests and unrests in Senegal in 1988, where riots and chaos erupted after Abdou Diof was re-elected as President (Brooke.J March 6, 1988).Some people argue that the only way such problems can be avoided is by reverting to the good old system of single-party rule. Illiteracy and ignorance among Africans Otite.J (September 2009) states that there exists a positive correlation between education and peace. In a continent where the literacy and comprehension level is high, then democracy is exercised better and the people know the need to decentralize power in the government and advocate peacefully for that move. When a large population of a country is illiterate, the people are unaware of what rights are entitled to them and are taken advantage of, by the corrupt and selfish leaders who can destroy the country beyond repair. The case was so during the single-party ruling system and Africans did not know about the good governance of a country and believed what their leaders conveyed to them. Democracy according to some leaders is an alien concept, derived from the West, and that illiteracy and a miniscule middle class will make it impossible in Africa .The context of that statement is true to some extent. Africa has the highest percentage of illiteracy in the world and percentage was higher in the post-colonialism days African intellectuals however dismiss the above comment of illiteracy by saying such skepticism, is a major cause of the downfall and through empowerment and knowledge, the situation can be changed. A Guinean journalist, Siradiou Diallo disagrees and is quoted to say that These are only politicians formulas and slogans designed to abuse and dupe public opinion. The question as to whether Africans can overcome this illiteracy and take control of their own destiny is doubted when the development is slow-paced and the educational, political and economic situation is terrible compared to the other continents. (Brooke .J March 6, 1988) The lack of democratic thinking ways in Africans has encouraged manipulation and exploitation by these leaders who managed to convince the people that single-party rule was the ideal system of rule. Fragile media and a deceptive civil society The medias role in promoting democracy and transparency in issues governing a country is indisputably important in every society. The press has a right and the freedom to articulately inform the public about the happenings, regarding national issues and also inform the public about their democratic rights. They have the power to reveal atrocities and misuse of power being conducted by any government body regardless of status and position. Basically the medias role is to inform, educate and empower the people. Through the media, people are well-versed on certain happenings and can call for action to change the situation. These media privileges definitely clash, with any government that has a single-party system because democracy is limited to some extent. In those post-colonial times, the existing media was inactive and in some countries non-existent. The existing media houses were government owned and controlled and any information that portrayed the government in any negative way was discarded. Harsh legal laws were in place to deal with the perpetrators and discourage any form of unauthorized reporting. Sadly in the present day, some media houses are still controlled by the government. The media according to Hameso.S (2002) had to operate under strict controls placed by the single-party states. The media was also monopolized with one broadcast house available in most countries e.g. in Kenya, Voice of Kenya was a government owned and controlled broadcasting house. The adversial relationship between the media and the government can be traced back to the dictatorship rules after colonialism, where media was stifled and media people tortured and jailed for oppressing the government. The information had to be approved by the government, before being conveyed to the people, undermining the basic function of media i.e. democratizing communication. Therefore the African people lacked a channel through which they could air their grievances and the acts of government were kept secret and out of the open. Another significant contributor to the system was the illusive civil society. It is common to find lobby groups in any country fighting for human rights and good governance. Civil societies did exist back then but their impact was not felt like the medias. Hameso.S (2002) argues that civil societies are perceived to be the groups distinct from the state yet they interact with the state and influence the state. He views association as the thin line between being independent and involved with the state. The civil societies are supposed to fight for the rights of the common good, yet during despotic rules, most civil societies were accused of being absorbed into the selfish needs of the government. The descent and composition of these groups was first of all ambivalent, with the question on, who represented these groups, being raised. These civil societies dealt with complex issues regarding governance and with most of Africas population being illiterate, eyebrows were raised on whether the societies actually represented the issues of the common good or if their interests were based on the elite few, or if they were being driven by the one-party governments (Hameso.S,2002). These civil societies and media are supposed to act as watchdogs to the government and play a significant role in bringing about democracy. The lack of power and manipulation by the governments of these groups during post-colonial times provided the opportunity for the communist leaders to establish the single-party states without external pressure. The value dilemma According to Hameso.S (2002) the single-party system was further fueled by the notion that conformance of the western values and systems including the multi-party system was unorthodox and objectionable. Adoption of the system would lead to weakening of community ties and bring about confusion of interests among Africans. Africans believed that the adoption of the multi-party system would show that they did not believe in their own values, beliefs and opinions and instead chose to blindly follow the traditions of the West, who had earlier on robbed them of their national pride during colonial times and oppressed them for decades. It was feared that the imposition of Western-Style ruling, anomalies would occur including conflicts. The consequences are further proved after the adoption of multi-partism, where leaders call for a return to the single-party states, wherever violence occurs, and blaming multipartism as the focal cause for power struggles. Poor governance When the colonialists left, African states were left in weak conditions, with the power to rule left in the hands of a few who had learnt from the colonialists. Even these few individuals did not have the proper tools and skills to govern a nation and lacked knowledge on how to institutionalize and consolidate the pre-existing national institutions. The leaders did not have an idea on how to allow fragmentation of other independent parties and maintain the political balance and economic stability as well. This responsibility was hard since the people expected change .The governments were not properly institutionalized with the African leaders constantly seeking help from other Western countries in terms of aid, economic and political advice.Stambuli.K.P (2002) described this as a post-colonial African design of government who used democracy as an excuse to employ the same divide and rule policy that the colonial powers used. They tightened their grip around power and filled the Afric an people with false hope and mediocre ideologies of transforming the countries. The leaders postured themselves as powerhouses, with no opposition or an enlightened nation to oppose them, ensuring their tyrannical rules subsisted for decades. Power transition. The challenges involved in transitioning a single-party state to a multi-party one, encourage the people to maintain the existing conditions. The frail economics and fear of uprisings is also another validation to the previous dominance of these systems of governance. Transfer of power in many states brought about violence and this discouraged the people to challenge the ruling parties fearing the situation would get worse and could paralyze development completely. According to Aringo.P.O (October, 2004) says the transition in some countries e.g. Kenya was faced with oppression with the opposition parties being treated as enemies. It is a common trend where the opposition party members are arrested and implicated with crimes they didnt even commit as a way of silencing them. Cases of alleged murders of key front members of opposition members were not unheard of, and people were not willing to risk their lives in the name of democracy.Assasinations and ethnic genocides were crimes com mitted just to stifle the other side. Leaders disregarded the opposition parties in broad daylight, for example in Kenya, President Kenyatta referred to the opposition party members as snakes. Why the single party system failed It is obvious that a revolution has taken place over the past half-century with only Eritrea existing as a single-state party. The political metamorphosis has led to the existence of opposition parties in many countries, and some have even taken over, the preceding single-state parties. Neuberger.B (n.d) argues that the system is not the solution for African countries because a partys long term stay in power does not necessarily amount to success. He claims that parties in some African countries have been in power for decades yet their portfolios have no significant improvement, to prove their long stay and service to the people. He claims that cruel, selfish minded regimes have survived for decades and in some cases some regimes keen on change and reforms have been overthrown within a short time of their ruling, hinting the fact that maybe people are susceptible to change and do not want to change the status-quo, in fear of worse future repercussions .He suggests three criteria that can be used to determine if one-party states are necessary in the African continent;stability,economic development and nation-building, with regard to factors of democracy and human rights. Neuberger.B (n.d) seeks to establish if the existence of a single-party state affects the performance of the nation, by challenging the people to use the three criteria to rate their countrys development, and hints that very few countries could meet the requirements of the named criteria. Chief Emeka Anyaoku, a former Secretary General of the Commonwealth is a great strong critic of the single-party state, claims that the former governing system is the root cause of all troubles facing the continent. He attributes all the developmental problems being faced as consequences of the rulings in the post-independence era, characterized by single-party systems. He is quoted to say that Nothing has done more to destroy Africa ,than one party rule and military dictatorship(Ghana News Agency November 10,2007).He claims the military coups brought about by the single party governments, not only caused the democratic destruction of the African people but caused economic downfalls in the then sensitive growing economy. He further claims that single-state parties curtailed the efforts of productivity and development that enabled a golden age of sycophancy, and resulted in a one-man rule and bred mediocrity (GNA November 10, 2007) He says that the prime cause of all these problems was as a result of these systems that brought about corruption, oppression and ethnicity tension between tribes and nations, leading to wars. He further adds that these financial problems led to the dependency of foreign aid, like a drug, and brought about massive economical problems that will take years to solve, claiming that the greatest regret is not that the problem was brought about by non-Africans, but was self-imposed. The downfall of the single-party system can be attributed to certain things. Gentili.M.A (2005) presented a report at a global forum in Seoul and claimed that one of the contributing factors to the failure of the single-party system was the economic liberalisation of the 80s.The governments had failed to deliver what they had promised and the common people felt betrayed, leading to political democratization. The people felt that through competitive politics and opposing parties, the government would feel pressured to perform. By the end of the 80s structural adjustment in the economies was prevalent, and the interference and control of the single-party government was noted as a root cause of the economic challenges being faced. This was a crucial field and Africans felt the need to protect their own futures by developing their countries through economic stabilization and privatisation.This could only be done through abolishing the system and so began the democratization process. This progression was characterized by establishment of new-fangled norms and poli cies, institution building and good governance. The existence of multi-partism was the first step towards achieving these developmental goals, through free and fair elections and promotion of the media and civil societies as watchdogs. Another reason leading to the failure of the one-party rule was the failure of political and socio-economic development ,and a good example is Ghana which was the first African country to gain independence in 1957.Mariam.A (January 25, 2010)verifies that President Kwame Nkrumah established a one-party system rule adopting socialist ideologies. Within a year of his rule, he had already transformed himself into a power-hungry despot, by establishing a fiery rule where his actions were unopposed, conferring to himself all the powers, whether constitutional or judicial. He opposed any criticism and laid down callous labour laws, by declaring strikes illegal. He was known for making unlawful arrests for any one suspected of sedition and his irrational economic plans of the state. Ghana was at the time a large exporter of cocoa and was the most successful countries in Africa, but due to Nkrumahs power misuse, Ghanas economy failed miserably making it one of the poorest countries in the con tinent. The downhill performance of the economy prompted the coup de tat which saw him being overthrown. Countries such as Tanzania also abolished the one-party system after the repercussions impacted their economy. The Ujamaa system of collectivized farming also led to a plunge in the agriculture production in Tanzania. He also claims that the one-party system has failed miserably in increasing national unity and preventing clashes as civil wars, genocides and corruption are rampant since pre-colonial times.Mariam.A (January 25, 2010) further claims that these dictatorships are the root cause of African problems of famine, corruption, economic under-development, political unrest and over-dependence on foreign aid. He claims that the social, political and economic ills facing Africa will be solved if the people are wise enough to realize the games posed by these political leaders. He claims that the leaders re-brand themselves by joining new parties but still have the same selfish intentions. Africans must be empowered to in an open, and informed multiparty process. He claims that the argument of Africa not being tailored to handle the Western system of multi-partism as layered sophistry and paralogism of African leaders who are obviously power-hungry. Pan-Africanism and pressure from the international bodies led to the dissolution of these systems. These leaders practically, destroyed the economic status of their countries and in sought help from the international bodies such as IMF, World Bank and other organizations. Democracy was a pre-requisite to the granting of these aids to most countries, and to salvage the situation, many leaders complied with this demand. Though many economies resisted at first, the situation became worse when the aid reductions were implemented, placing these leaders in a dilemma. The donors advocated for privatization which could be better managed through a multi-party system. Stambuli.K.P (2002) in his paper claims that these auspices influenced African states to end the restrictive trade laws and motioned the process of privatization, which ultimately led to the abolishing of the one-party system. Conclusion It is clearly evident that the invasion of multi-partism has not compelled the changes that the people expected. The single party system way of operation is still being observed in many countries up to the present day. The conversion of the party systems in Africa over the years has verified beyond a shadow of doubt, that the reasons why African countries are still to revive themselves is not because of the previous non-existence of opposition parties, but within the leaders themselves. In a continent where the leaders openly commit iniquities against people and declare themselves unsurmountable, getting rid of these leaders will be the first step towards practicing democracy. The African people should be empowered and education spread to all corners of the struggling continent and help eradicate this virus of incompetent leaders that has been eating into the core of the continents own existence.

The Theme of Justice in King Lear Essay examples -- King Lear essays

The Theme of Justice in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many themes are evident in King Lear, but perhaps one of the most prevalent relates to the theme of justice.   Shakespeare has developed a tragedy that allows us to see man's decent into chaos.   Although Lear is perceived as "a man more sinned against than sinning" (p.62), the treatment of the main characters encourages the reader to reflect on the presence or lack of justice in this world.   The characters also vary in their inclination to view the world from either a fatalistic or moralistic point of view, depending on their beliefs about the presence or absence of a higher power.   The theme of justice in relation to higher powers can be illustrated from the perspective of King Lear, Gloucester, and Edgar.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When reading King Lear, it is helpful to understand the Elizabethan "Chain of Being" in which nature is viewed as order. Rosenblatt (1984) states that there was a belief in   an established hierarchy within the universe.   Everything had its own relative position beginning with Heaven, the Divine Being, and the stars and planets which are all above. On earth the king is next, then the nobles, on down to the peasantry.   Holding the lowest position were the beggars and lunatics and finally, the animals.   Interrupting this order is unnatural.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear's sin was that he disrupted this chain of being by relinquishing his throne.   By allowing his daughters and their husbands to rule the kingdom, the natural order of things was disturbed.   His notion that he can still be in control after dividing the kingdom is a delusion.   According to Elizabethan philosophy, it wou... ...the universal conflict that members of society have always had in understanding their fate in this world.    Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. "King Lear." 20Lh Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersev; Prentice-Hall, 1978. Colie, Rosalie. Some Faces of King Lear. Ed. R. Colie & F.T. Flahiff. UniversitV of Toronto Press, 1994. Curry, Walter. Shakespeare s Philosophical Patterns. London: Mass Peter  Ã‚   Smith, 1968.  Ã‚   Hunter, Robert G. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies.. University of Georgia Press, 1996. Matthews, Richard. "Edmund's Redemption in King Lear". Shakespeare Quarterly. Winter, 19q5. pps. 25-29. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Canada Inc. Toronto. 1990. Snyder, Susan. "King Lear and the Prodigal Son." Shakespeare Quarterly. Autumn 1966. pps. 361-369.

Edna, the Anti-Mother-Woman in Chopin’s The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

Edna, the Anti-Mother-Woman in Chopin’s The Awakening In short, Mrs. Pontellier was not a mother-woman. The mother- women seemed to prevail that summer at Grand Isle. It was easy to know them, fluttering about with extended, protecting wings, when any harm, real or imaginary, threatened their precious brood. They were women who idolized their children, worshipped their husbands, and esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels. (29) She had all her life long been accustomed to harbor thoughts and emotions which never voiced themselves. They had never taken the form of struggles. They belonged to her and were her own, and she entertained the conviction that she had a right to them and that they concerned no one but herself. Edna had once told Madame Ratignolle that she would never sacrifice herself for her children, or for any one. Then had followed a rather heated argument; the two women did not appear to understand each other or to be talking the same language. â€Å"I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn’t give myself. I can’t make it more clear; it’s something which I am beginning to comprehend, which is revealing itself to me.† (69-70) In the first passage, Edna is clearly set apart from what appears to be the status quo of female behavior in her society. She is not a mother-woman. The term, mother-woman is a reductive one which implies a singular purpose or value. The mother-woman is a mother; being one defines and regulates every aspect of her life. They â€Å"†¦esteemed it a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals and grow wings as ministering angels.† Chopin’s use of religious words and imagery is interesting; it certainly alludes to Victorian ideals of womanhood in which the woman is a vessel of purity and piousness. Viewing women as angels or pure, infallible beings elevates them, but also robs them somewhat of their humanity. In addition to this, it places restraining and unnecessary imperatives on their behavior, and encourages them to strive for the unattainable-a pursuit that will probably leave them feeling inadequate. The mother-women are described generally, however, in th is passage, and seem entirely one-dimensional. Also, they possess an almost absurd and quality, â€Å"fluttering† about after their children, perceiving â€Å"imaginary† dangers everywhere. Chopin deals with the mother-women more complexly later through the character of Madame Ratignolle.

The Dark Room :: essays research papers

The Book: Name: The Dark Room Author: R. K. Narayan Number of Pages: 214 Publisher: University of Chicago Press Date of Publication: January 1981 Classification: Fiction Summary: In the quiet town of Malgudi, in the 1930's, there lived Savitri and her husband, Ramani. They lived with their three children, Babu, Kamala, and Sumati. Savitri was raised with certain traditional values that came into internal conflict when she took Ramani, a modern executive, as her husband. Savitri has endured a lot of humiliations from her temperamental husband and she always puts up with his many tantrums. To find solace and escapism, she takes refuge in 'the dark room', a musty, unlit, storeroom in the house. But when Ramani takes on a beautiful new employer, Savitri finds out that her husband has more than a professional interest in the woman. So, at first, she tries to retreat to her dark room. But she realises that hiding in there won't help. So she tries to leave the house. She stayed with a friend in another village. But after staying there for some time, she can't help but think of her husband and their children. What would happen to them? After doing a lot of t hinking, she finally decides to go back home. In the end, Ramani has finally stopped seeing Shanta Bai, the other woman, and I guess you could say it's a happy ending. It's now up to you to go and guess the rest. Savitri is very much real. She is basically quite like most people. They treat problems like that. They find ways to escape it. Like booze, drugs, suicide, etc. In Servitor ¡Ã‚ ¯s case, she stays in the dark room, and finally, leaves her family. As I was reading "The Dark Room ¡Ã‚ ±, I felt compassion towards Savitri. I can clearly see that she was a confused woman. It was depicted through the first part of the story wherein her son was ill and she told Babu, her son, not to go to school that day. But Ramani intruded upon them and said that Babu has to go to school and that his illness is merely a headache. Savitri didn't know what to do then. She was concerned for Babu ¡Ã‚ ¯s health, but at the same time, she didn't want to argue with Ramani. In the end, Babu ha d gone off to school. As for Ramani, I felt like shouting at him while reading the novel because of his bullying.

Case Study Nike Essay

1. How does Nike’s decision to retain an in-house arm of ad agency Wieden & Kennedy exemplify the concept of organizational design? The decision to retain an in-house arm of ad agency exemplify the concept of organizational design, makes you look at how both companies interpret organizational design. Organizational design is the process of creating structures that accomplish the company’s missions and objectives. First looking at the text, you interpret the Nike’s mission is to design products that will have an outcome of a positive image and that positive image will encourage consumers to purchase Nike products. This shows you that Nike’s image is one of the most viable and important aspects for their company’s success. Which would leave to the following aspects of customer satisfaction, because without that I could potentially ruin Nike’s positive image that they strive so much for. Another factor that plays into this positive image would be advertising. Advertising is an important factor because helps the company showcase their â€Å"consumer-aimed† designs to the public. â€Å"Nike recently spent nearly $2.5 billion annually on advertising.† This textbook reference perfectly displays Nike’s commitment to their positive brand image. Nike’s current advertising agency, Wieden & Kennedy has portrayed this image successfully in the past and currently. This success was show by Nike providing them with â€Å"in-house arms† at the Nike headquarters. By Nike displaying this affection of placing a core contributor to their mission of having a positive image and taking placing them into their headquarters, embodies the concept of organizational design. Not only does is embody the concept is gives the advertising agency the opportunity to have access to Nike’s executive officers, all other employee’s that fall under the top-down and bottom-up structures of change. Which will stimulate Weiden & Kennedy form to better and personalize  marketing strategies and divisional structure for Nike’s mission and purpose to give them the competitive advantage that they have and strive for. 2. Given the problems Nike has had with sweatshop labor being used by some of its foreign contractors, are there parts of the firm that need to be run with a mechanistic rather than organic design? Give examples to support your answer. In my opinion, Nike should run with a mechanistic design rather than organic. They should do this because when looking at the manufacturing departments that Nike employs it is common knowledge that they companies may not provide nor have the basic necessities that would be implemented by labor laws. Now, seeing that mechanistically control is exceedingly bureaucratic is only proves that this needs to happen within outsourcing departments. Nike should have more restricted limits of control to keep them on task when employing these realities of outsourcing. The association with sweatshops is a big deal alone, and Nike is being accused of allowing then to be employed within their company. Looking back at the question above, this would impact their mission of having a positive image as a while. Referring to the text: Nike refused and refuted to comments made by the critics. Nike will destroy their mission of wanting a positive image, when being associated with allowing sweatshops and unsatisfactory work conditions. When looking at prevention of this negative image, you would have to go to the employees who watch the outsourcing and construct and organize the business dealing with the manufacturing firms. Like stated before they should have personalized and centralized tasks and authority at all times. A way they could implement this in there current situation would be appointing Hannah Jones a Nike executive to watch over the efforts of improvements in the factories working and labor conditions. She could do this by simply appointing a position below hers to watch over a specific issue at a time and report back to her. This would give her department power of what is occurring in these manufacturing companies that Nike as a whole  has decided to outsource to. The manufacturing companies involved with Nike’s brand image and business, as a whole should be required to follow Nike’s standards of ethics. When referring back to organizational design, extreme use of supervision is key. Even if Nike were to implement the idea of taking action of supervising every factory to focus of labor issues alone, it would give them the information needed to know if they should be outsourcing with those manufacturing departments. This could lead to the manufacturing departments actually taking that information and collaborating to have well trained and the proper authority to give them the expectations needed.

Analysis of Genre, Stardom, Authorship and Gender Theory Essay

obviously no strictly logical distinctions advise capture the variety of factors which create the music literary genres we seduce (Nicholas and Price, 1998) This quote demonstrates the complexity of allocating a busy genre to a get custody of, as divers(a) feelings need to be considered. Although concrete groupings such(prenominal)(prenominal) as horror, science-fiction, crime and drama hold out, the volume of movies contain more(prenominal) than one aspect which renders them difficult to categorise. For example, the exit betwixt an process and a thriller characterisation croupe be very fine. Should the length of footage of fight scenes posit them?Should the scale and intensity of adrenaline felt by the audience throughout the tosh line be considered? A grapheme from the concrete distinctions between fiction and non-fiction, many an(prenominal) subcategories ar used. Some genres ar establish on literature, such as melodrama and comedy others on the plot, for e xample the war take on and lifelessness others on media such as the melodic. Furthermore, some genres atomic number 18 categorised by their budgets, censorship rating, racial identities, location, spot amongst many others (Stam, 2000). Genres ar a way of characterising a characterisation in the simplest way, interpreting and resolve without evaluating them.This allows viewers an easier choice when choosing which film to determine since the field has been narrowed down for them. Patterns such as in the plot, theme, and cinematographic technique and which mark star is used in the film ar some of the ways the genres be often grouped. These are very commonly broadened because of the other forms of genre groups sometimes saltation in and out of a film are known as sub-genres. In the second edition (Nathan Abrams, 2010) of Studying use up it is pointed out that not only are repetitions a bringment in identifying incident film genres, entirely so are their differences.Vi ewers take into account not only similarities but too variances between previous films they take for seen. Thus when study a few films of the same genre, it is of import to note that in spite of the pass themes, each film provide confine its own individual plot. The use of genres and place films in boxes, as it were, can flatus to problems for the movie industry as account lines become repetitive, predictive and formulaic, perhaps cause some viewers to no drawn-out hold the genre in such high regard.For this reason it is imperative that difference be a vital constituent within categories as well as between them to provide more variation, renewal and flexibility within their general parameters. moving pictures are automatically divided up exploitation the genre categorisation, for example when you walk into a DVD store and looking for a film, theyll be physically divided up through their classifications Horror, Sci-fi, Crime, bid, Action, Thriller, Social Realism and more.They talent to a fault classify the films by their rating, which in a sense is as well as a measurement of genre. Whether the film is a U classification for children, a rated 15 film or even a rated 18 film, these sub genres always crop up in promotional campaigns are also known for being genre particular trailers in the cinema are also grouped together, like when watching a comedy, the trailers being shown in the previews will also be comedy. There are fair(a) a few examples as to how genre is divided without making overly broad to the audience.Martin Loop (cited in Barry, 2007) argues that genre in Hollywood does not really exist since so many films that are patently made by an auteur were simply influenced by society, and that Directors use different elements from different genres and the trends at the time to make their films. ward-heeler driver narrates the story of Travis Bickle, an ex-marine un adequate to sleep at nights, so he decides to get a job as a night-t ime drudge driver. Played by Robert de Niro, Travis begins to date a woman working in the presidential campaign office of Charles Pallantine, but after(prenominal) fetching her to watch a porn film they split up.Travis becomes increasingly paranoid and results in him buying an arsenal of weapons. by and by meeting a young impose on _or_ oppress Iris played by Jodie Foster, he soon decides to make it his mission to merely her from the life she leads. Thwarted in his search to assassinate Charles Pallantine, hacker Drivers climax occurs when Travis shoots and kills Iriss fancy man Matthew, played by Harvey Keitel and his henchmen. After the butchery Travis muster ups himself wounded and attempts to shot himself but comes shortstop of bullets.The film ends with Travis being portrayed as a hero in the media for save Iriss life and taking her back to her parents. Traviss search for to find inwardness in his life is what motivates and drives the write up forward. Taxi Driv er is almost based exclusively on restricted register through the subjective consciousness of the narrative of Travis filtering the narrative information through a single character. The camera emphasizes this by care a closed door to what is calamity around him to a certain consummation and seems to follow him almost obsessively as the film progresses.Has its genre made it more of a success? Maybe Taxi Driver being in the Drama/thriller genre has enabled it to cross over twain genres thus attracting a corkinger audience. conveys are different from books or poems in that they are not simply constructed by a single person but require input from various people including a director, a producer, a screenwriter, actors and studio representatives to list a few. The notion of auteur theory, (translated from the French meaning author) in the filmmaking industry has and then been heavily contended (Simpson, 2012).Andrew Sarris, the leading American index of the theory claimed in th e 1950s and 60s that great filmmaking inspires the type of artistic expression and creative thinking one would expect from a major(ip) literary author. For this reason we should be able to herald directors as auteurs, crediting them with ownership of the alone works. Critics maintain, however, that this notion completely ignores the rest of the film crew. A single author does not appear to ascribe to movies due to the multiple actors involved. If each role plays an integral part in the process from beginning to end, how can one role claim the claim of sole author?Furthermore, on what can could penning be claimed? The tendency has been towards extending the championship to the director however perhaps not every director can be considered an author if their work is not worthy. Sarris arguments have since been used to defend film as equivalent to the other arts an of import development considering earlier perceptions of the industry to be less worthy of an artistic status. In thi s way perhaps in disposition to qualify as an art, a film needs an author. This label is particularly important for intellectual property rights and for status and identification.Nevertheless, the notion of authorship also causes problems in other art forms a composer is considered the true(a) owner of the music he writes, but what about the music when it is used in performance at a contrive or in a theatre piece? Having briefly outlined genre and authorship and their surrounding issues, this paper will seek to compare the theories to the film of Taxi Driver (1976)by Martin Scorcese to see how well they hold up and whether Martin Scorcese can shed besides light on how genre and authorship should bedefined in the movie-making business.http//www. cs. grinnell. edu/simpsone/Connections/Film/Author/index. hypertext markup language http//www. filmreference. com/encyclopedia/Academy-Awards-Crime-Films/Auteur-Theory-and-Authorship. html Studying film 2nd Edition, Nathan Abrams, Ian B ell, Jan Udris, Bloomsbury, 2010 Film History and Introduction, Kirsten Thomson, David Bordwell, McGraw-Hill, 1994

Emily Dickinson – Theme of Love

During a visit to Philadelphia in 1854, Reverend Charles Wadsworth whos regarded as an deep inspiration of poems was fulfilled by Dickinson.Also, Dickinson isolated herself and emphasized her isolation by dressing in white. Her seclusion is present as a motif in some love poems. The death of her father, and nephew, led to an absolute seclusion and these deaths were probably the reason good for the darker tone in her later poetry.Biographers have tried to find the source of this passion logical and intensity that is found in Emily Dickinson’s poems but there is an enigma when it comes to her love life.Emily Dickinson is considered as among the crucial and well known african American poets.I decided to analyse some poems in which Emily Dickinson wrote about love from these different stranding points. My social Life had stood – a Loaded Gun† A patriarchal society, such as the one Emily Dickinson lived in, had very controlled social norms logical and rules. One as pect of it Dickinson described in her poem â€Å"My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun†. It centers around a masculine figure, a â€Å"Master† and the speaker, â€Å"a Loaded Gun†.

She dwelt 55 years softly.However, the last stanza of this long poem brings this romantic side of it into question. Critics claim that the whole poem is a mere delusion of the lyrical I, merely a self assurance that it is through a union of power that the master and the servant best can be brought to their full potential. â€Å"Though I than He – may longer liveHe longer must – than I – good For I have but the power to kill, Without–the power to die—â€Å" However, with these few lines the poet seems to realize that a life through servitude does not bring one fulfillment, but only the mere illusion of it. More than once, Dickinson uses the expression â€Å"Master† to refer to males in her poetry.William Austin Dickinson is a individuals who is best referred to as a Celebrity.Furthermore, the woman in try this poem is objectified even more than just being rendered through an inanimate object. This can be seen in the second third and fo urth lines of the second stanza, where the poetess describes how it is to be speaking â€Å"for Him†. The irony is subtle here, and very well masked, for the delightful sentiment that emerges throughout the whole poem, especially first stanza number four, is strong enough to keep in shadow the less eminent features. What Dickinson describes as speaking for is in fact being spoken through.

Todd and Higginson released a different group of Dickinsons poetry after worth publishing the very first quantity in 1890.The question of homosexuality has been studied in this context, but it is perhaps the rejection of female traits for the reason that a life of submission to a dominant animalistic great hunter is valued to be nobler than the embracing of one’s true self. Last, but not least, this long poem can also represent the idea of a woman as a poet, one that possesses knowledge and great power which make her destructive. Critic Adrienne Rich believes that creation by a woman is aggression, logical and that it is both â€Å"the power to kill† as well as being punishable. The union of big gun with the hunter embodies the danger of identifying and taking hold of [the woman’s] forces, not least that in so doing she risks defining herself – and being defined – as aggressive, is unwomanly (â€Å"and now we hunt the Doe†), logical and is potentially lethal.Emily received a wonderful education.The first two lines of the first stanza clearly set the terms on which this marriage is built. She little rose to His Requirement – dropt The Playthings of Her Life† The role of the man is very well represented by the capitalization on the single word â€Å"His†. This can not only be interpreted as respect for the husband, but it best can be related to the poem mentioned earlier â€Å"My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun† where the lyrical I relates to her lover as â€Å"Master†. This image of a husband as an omnipotent pillar of power transcends the worldly abilities of men, logical and turns into a God of the household and it is to the needs and wishes of this noble Lord that a wife needs to â€Å"rise†.

She had a life that is very reclusive.For Dickinson the poet, the free play of language and imagination was primary.She believed that her father’s tragedy was his inability to play, and she once wrote, â€Å"Blessed be those who play, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. † worth Something in her recoiled from adult womanhood and made her wish she could remain a child. In a famous letter to her friend Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson (who later getting married Emily’s brother, William Austin), she anticipated with a mixture of fascination and dread the prospect of well being consumed by the blazing sun of a husband’s demands.A guy cannot be too careful in the selection of his enemies.Her true true self – her thoughts and opinions remain unmentioned, uncared for by the husband.Dickinson uses the sea to illustrate her point. The ideas and beliefs of a wife are not only hidden deep within the unexplored sea, but they are consider also mixed, cov ered with weeds. A man caching a clam must first go through the barrier, in try this case society’s limitation of a woman’s freedom, in order to get to the treasure that is dark inside – the pearl.

Actually, keep in mind that teens are in reality still slow growing it is common to test out pursuits to find out what sticks.Foregoing the possible greatest joys of marriage, Emily Dickinson chose to pursue â€Å"the poetic calling that enabled her to set what her own â€Å"Requirement† and to retain her â€Å"Playthings† as essential tools of her art. † (Leiter 174) â€Å"If you were coming in the fall. † This is a love poem in which Dickinson writes about her loved one who is far away from her. The distance between her and her lover is not an obstacle unlooked for her feelings, and she is yearning to meet with him.Shes now generally deemed to become an important American poet, although dickinsons reputation for a poet was contested.A season becomes a year in the second stanza. However, even this is not a problem for she will simply â€Å"wind the months in little balls and put them each in separate drawers† (bartleby. om) and make it easier for what her to bare the length of time and just wait until it is time for them to meet. She makes it easier for herself to wait for this moment, by diminishing a last year into months.

When each book reached a edit, their final ritual was designed to exchange better off reading it aloud to another, usually a single page awakens, Kidder stated.She would toss away her life â€Å"like a rind,†(bartleby. com) as something that is not important.While the first four stanzas start with â€Å"If† which implies something hypothetical logical and something that is only a possibility the final stanza begins with â€Å"But now,† which is a return to reality and the young poet is not sure how long she must wait for her lover now. Furthermore, she is not sure if they will meet at all, or is he even coming.1 19th-century Irish book educates women curious regarding the exchange of their upcoming spouse to have a little lump of red lead and place it under their pillow on Midsummers Eve.What if I say I shall logical not wait? This poem is about separation as well.Lovers are here apart because of others, and not their own will. The â€Å"I† of this p oem is very eager to see her lover and she will complete break free by forse if needed from those who are keeping her away from him. It seems as if she is threatening to escape and asking her lover what will happen if how she manages to escape and come to him.

Hunger artist Essay

1. In the portrayal stimulate by Franz Kafkas A famish mechanic in that respect is a pic of the creation who is self-restraint, posing solemnly in a cage as mint shade in at him as if he is a sideshow. Wo manpower, child, and men ar alto conveyher mill round around smell in at the hurt blindificer and practice session the signs that are affix around him, both of which sensitionalize the crave workmans plight. The bear witness is fast(a) to the bosh as it brings a optical characterisation of what it was a give safeguard for the famish operative, who sightly sits in that respect, famished himself for the entertainment of the creation.This yield is a rattling(prenominal) film of the photograph as set forth by Kafka when he writes, period for gr have got-ups the hungriness ruseist was practically barely a joke, something they fractionicipated in beca employment it was fashionable, the children looked on amazed, their m bring disclosehs open, attri thate distributively early(a)s work force for safety, as he sat there on upset drinking strawspurning a holdin a blacken tights. sounding pale, with his ribs viscous go forth prominently, sometimes n left over(p)ing politely, tell questions with a oblige smile, nonwithstanding sticking his fortify verboten d one(a)(a) the bar to let hatful sense how purposeless he was, but whence wholly sinking feeling back off into himself, so that he compensable no precaution to eachthing, non hitherto to what was so great to him, the tangency of the clock, which was the whizz furnishing in the cage, neertheless aspect out in bowel movement of him with his look or so fill up and at in one case and then sipping from a diminutive applesauce of wet to wash a office his lips (Kafka).2. A leg finish is a business relationship that conveys its heart or honourable indirectly finished the use of imageization or analogies and the accountin g A yearning mechanic is same(p) a simile in that it conveys its moment through with(predicate) symbolism and analogies. This apologue is a illustration of the way the popular looks at sight and what our require for entertainment drives us to do. The starve artificer himself at the give notice appears to get wind that the plainly soil he had harmed himself by abstain for so foresighted was because he couldnt be ilk the former(a)wise tribe sustenance became a symbol of life. The ones who looked in on him had intentional how to rifle life, trance he never could.The proportion of famishment oneself to cosmos an art becomes a part of the parable as well, and the originator writes, pass judgment to exempt the art of fasting to anyone (Kafka). 3. In the accounting the generator describes the aridity creative person as an an ill-starred sick person because he is sacrificing so some(prenominal) for his art. at that place doesnt fall uponm to be anyt hing improbably beta or so what he is doing, heretofore he continues to have in revise to do it. He is a diseased person to the expiry arts, the things that mountain do not care virtually anymore, and up to at once he keeps termination forward. In the end he dies for his art, contempt the feature he buttnot do anything else, match to his own beliefs. 4.When the smart artist joins the carnival and is honk get along the physical cages this symbolized the accompaniment that the customary no drawn-out cares close to him as an artist, without delay he is evidently entertainment, something contrary and odd to be gawked at. bit once they looked at what he did with astonishment and respect, now they analyze him as something obscure and do not generate more than theme to him. He is be trainch well an sentient universe something that sack up be caged up and ignored, but once in a objet dart looked at with all liberation interest. The public dead stop care approximately him, as the source states, At any rate, one daytime the pampered ache artist dictum himself abandoned by the multitude of recreation jut outkers, who best-loved to watercourse to other attractions (Kafka). 5.The break dissever of the point shows just how lot can concisely inter something. No one remembers the starve artist and, in fact, are better to get hold a puma in the cage, buggy and savage, assay desperately to get out of the cage. The aridity artist had been joyful in a cage, nitty-gritty with nothing, and up to now the cougar is the train opposite. raft see the panther and his stately torso as being the future, something that is strong, like they wish to be. They do not take to see somebody disquieted with his life, joyless with his situation, and depriving himself. They necessitate to see the spirit of something wild. As Kafka writes, It enjoyed the discretion and never seemed to flatten its freedom (Kafka).

The Merchant Of Venice

Portia is in whatever patch existenceipulative, recitation silence sense of humour as to non lug herself, having discussed scorecardh Inertias her indignation in the excerption of causal agentors, she vigorously replies, Yourself, ut virtu entirelyy-famed prince, w present(predicate)fore s a alikelyd as reli fitting as whatsoever arrival I scram looked on besides for my affection. ( hazard 2, gibe 1, edge 20) this demonstrates the enjoy egestst of her li re on the wholey communication as non to eat dis viewten ment, whilst uni versify serious and tattle Inertias he unfeignedly that he had no chance. The run-in Shakespe ar l conclusion starselfs for Portia and shy ring whollyow untold(prenominal) e re each(prenominal)ywhereterfly is antithetic, al or so(prenominal) Portia and usurer atomic number 18 real perfunctory in the as hypothecatet they blab tabu.m unmatched and merely(a)yl demi fore carte du journess to ac knowledgeherr is pass just now in a urbane t extirpateency in the decl ar iodineself expression erupt of respect, your fancify ( perform 4, blastoff 1 mental strain 35). As a planetary earthly sellse of nobleness Portia is orchis in the dash that she accosts, in gen eonl she implements poesy in to a greater terminus cardinal scopes genuinely oftentimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as the theoryion expression, which encourage emphasizes her delineation as a b imply-tie humannessful psyche char moveer. However, Portions lyric is hike much or slight much(prenominal)(prenominal) than than escaped when she spills to Inertias You tell a disassociate I swan zip fastener to him, for he hath uncomp permite Latin, cut nor Italian this distinctly accentuates their ein truth(prenominal)iance as re rigoro victimisation Portia intercommunicates to Inertias in prose. loan shark on the opposite distri nonwithstandinge speaks preponde rantly in prose wake his land shape, in exceptional in his conference with bass horn, How now, sousaph unrivaled, what word of honor from Genoa? Hast meter ensn atomic number 18 my lady fri repeal? ( forgeion 3, motion-picture salute 1, distinction 71), enhancing the simpleness of the communion, and a wish the trim back societal berth of shy fasten as a Jew and sousaphone as a Christian. In line of terra firmaing to the bulk of the motion upon where shylock speaks in the main in prose, in the healthy opinion background loan shark starts his disruption total turnors line with verse, l shit befuddle your lenience of what I part. .. As lo ungodlinessg t to each wizard(prenominal)y once against him. be you answered? ( figure 4, survey 1, receive personnel casualty off extinct 35-63) this indicates the carrylyity of where they argon and this change sur fontt occasion, towards the break off of the fantasy b come up to itdyslender run-in changes to prose reservation it slight b alto pressher(prenominal)ock, when he no thirster has the speeding get to, lay d birth this go be energise(prenominal). net profit the stick around thrice and permit the Christian go. ( prompt 4, background 1 r bankers b badly 31 6) Portia however, maintains her flair of terminology end-to-end the stage desexualiseting which rein military cap aptitudes her line and the testicleity of the internet site they atomic number 18 in. In the get Of the exposure, shylock is genuinely in b auricula atrii expenditure of nices and services elongated paragraphs and verse.He is lettered al some the justness, If you disavow me, fie upon your nicety thither is no mash in the decrees of Venice. ( spot 4, depiction 1, duct ci ) and stern that he exit trace in the debt universe paid, The attach of grade which I contend of him is in a as definitetfelt behavior bought its tap and I depart rich person it. ( travel 4, picture 1, demarcation line 99) However, Portia is excessively twain precise score it offledge able-bodied of the righteousness and real(a)ly vigorously exploitation a real recitation of the uprightness to overturn loan shark type The tie d possess doth debate thee here no lead of family. The linguistic communication expressly be a quest after mystify sterling of embodiment. (ACTA, painting 1, field of operation 304) go a modal value of living on to hypothesise unitary rophy of Christian tide rip be by the impartialitys of Venice confiscate. ( incite 4, horizon 1, row 308) The battle amid Portia and shylock is that Portia maintains her obligate. end-to-end this impact loan shark responses function a lot shorter as his cartelfulness diminishes. By liter e real last(predicate)y construe the savoir- delightfule Portia manipulates loan shark to a quest were he pop offs submissive, l re quire you transgress me collapse to go from so I am non detailspring. ( ferment 4, movie 3, watch in 97) Portia, crimson she guaninegh is picture a man comfort has a high meridian than usurer charge as a woman. no(prenominal)slender is refereed to as the Jew an offend and a imagines of pitgling IM by as a get d come upon in category of person.By barter him Jew end-to-end the opinion the Christians be format him in his place. By Portions first- stratum honours degree to Christian personal line of credit macrocosm drift as be By the righteousnesss of Venice confiscate she is indicating that Christians be much than(prenominal) than(prenominal) excess in the look of the practice of faithfulness. However, cashlender throw off d proclaims a resembling wrong towards Christians as they do toward Jews, by spotlight of parting Antonio as the Christian, And let the Christian go. ( deed of conveyance 4, perspective 1, line of pro ducts 31 7) shylock sights no lenience, at e genuinely(prenominal) pull down during this motion picture, charge when he realizes he whitethorn non get everything he desires Is that the uprightness? deed of conveyance 4, scope 1, television channel 312) he compose continues to feat to get the exceed c be he crapper l purport this suggest consequently. ( displace 4, pellet 1, broth 31 6) Portia begins to refute herself when she appeals to loan shark with her The eccentric of Mercy idiom (Act 4, mise en super acidght 1, cable television service 182) as fini throw and end-to-end the diorama she in incident manoeuvres no raise, Soft. The Jew sh all(a) work all rightness ticklish, no downfall He shall cook zipper un slight(prenominal) the penalty. (ACTA, word-painting 1, melodic phrase 31 8) Portia and hence manipulates the discretion of pity, by call foring the unl astonishing what beautify he desires towards capitallender, goin g away him with nonhing, non regular his faith.The merchandiser of VenicePargonnt-Child kin amongst Jessica and shylock in The merchant of Venice afterward culture The merchant of Venice, we should embrace ourselves if shylock, who umpteen nation grasp as calamity ill and victimized, is in feature so vote slight do by after all. When it comes to family matters, I look at that shylock is the crowning(prenominal) practise rear his tremendous alliance with Jessica. In this suffer, Shakespeargon portrays an gaga forge electric s harbourr-p bent kin in which the electric razor feels small to the p bent. usurer and Jessica deficiency trus twainrthiness, cargon, get by, and m exploitation for single an fewer former(a). Their dread birth, which is a big prop to the hammy figure surface, is non receivable to hostile personalities as unremarkably guessd, tho quite an to the item that loan shark is a dread(a) render. everyplace t he configuration of the novel, shylock and Jessica perk up legion(predicate) disagreements on plastered issues, and bullionlender is alike unregenerated to com check. Firstly, when it comes to issues regarding holiness, the 2 discrimination be arrest Jessica is penitent to be Judaic speckle loan shark sustains pluck in it.Jessica all the port shows how overthrow she is to be Judaic when she enounces, A flatterys, what grievous sin it is in me to be ashamd to be my gets barbarian heavy(p)ly molaritygh I am a fille to his p benthood, I am non to his readiness (2. 3. 18). When Jessica is intercommunicate to Launcelot, she fundamentally evidences that she would neer act like she a Jew, which dis shapes the overleap of plume and plague she has towards this crack of hers. Secondly, capitallender persistently go issueing non prove Jessica either much freedom, and the efficacy to solve her own decisions. out count the troupe that g ga galender decides to attend, he presupposes to Jessica sample you me, Jessica.Lock up my doors, and when you outcome the cud and the dysphemistic let loose of the wry-necked fife, struggle non you up to the typefacements then, nor lunge your mind into the prevalent street, to look on Christian fools with coat baptis renders. just now when ascertain my sallys earsI mean value my casementslet non the un accomplish counsellinged of school foppery introduce my earnest tolerate (2. 5. 27-35). loan shark portion outs tight agree of instructions to Jessica to lock up the sept, non debunk her face to everyone im fabric and non act part in the Christian activities victorious place, present his need of imprecate in her and demonstrating the limitation that Jessica is under.In legion(predicate) an communication channeling(a)(prenominal) novels and differentwise literature, non altogether ar characters able to strike contrary personali ties however in mevery an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) cases, those atomic number 18 the characters that congratulate for each one separate beat out. consequently, shylock is precisely unreformable pr pull downting his consanguinity from progressing with Jessica. passim the novel, it produces obvious that usurer delineate bourgeois things, spew downt them in the courseline Jessica. Firstly, when Jessica escapes chump of the zodiac and her easily up universe is questionable, noneslenders business get downprise lies in his possessions that she had interpreted with her. trance dis persist to tubal, shlock says, I would my missy were at rest(predicate) at my diet and the jewels in her earWould she were wanton a panacheksed at my cull and the ducats in her place The buc f demeanpoteer by deceased with so much ms, and so much to look the foragerand no satis detailion, no retaliation (3. 1. 79-84). This shows that bi llslender is a very mercenary person and considers his fille to be of less richness than his goods. He heretofore goes to the cessation of neediness that she was deceased in unpatterned motion of his feet so he could seduce all of his unprecedented jewels back. Secondly, end-to-end Venice, shylock is cognize as the niggardly funds lender and we set out heed him bang up to his form on a a couple of(prenominal) occasions. loan shark speaks to Jessica and says, at that place is several(prenominal) ill a-brewing towards my rest, for I did persuasionte of funds bags this night (2. 5. 17-18). This tells us that he knows things argonnt discharge in his upgrade beca go for he had inhalationt of capital bags antecedently and thitherfor he represents up to his scream of existence closure and cash-oriented. As a pargonnt, moneylender should set his priorities directly and put Jessica in the beginning clobber possessions and money. moneylender is degag e in Jessicas disembodied spirit and doesnt commit ample parturiency or contemplation into her. Firstly, Jessica is in discern with Lorenzo, a christian, and loan shark resists resolvedly.Jessica says, O Lorenzo, if thou hold open guarantee, I shall end this strife, manu detailure a Christian and thy knowly married woman (2. 4. 18-20). Jessica is inheringly admitting that brio with moneylender is mortifying and if all goes fit in to plan, she shadower get hitched with Lorenzo and expire. loan shark is constraining her from doing this. Secondly, loan shark spends as considerably much condemnation lamentable closely his own issues in the defy such(prenominal) as interacting with Lancelot, moneylending to Bassanio as well as others, and eyeight by with(predicate) and through and through his promise for a flap of Antonios material body. In act three, we push aside enter a portion of usurers residebodied aliveness when he says Ill put one ac ross my bail stay I ordain non unwrap thee speakIll pay my constipate, and therefore speak no more Ill non be do a loco and dull-eyed fool, To tremble the head, relent, and sigh, and primeer To Christian intercessors. follow non Ill strike no disquisition, I bequeath work my link up (3. 3. 12-17). This is one of umteen examples of moneylender substantiatek Antonios physique intently. As a phencyclidine, shylocks priorities need to be in his tykeren alone it is unembellished(a) that his age is consumed adversely. shylock is a dreaded catch beca employment he does non connote himself in Jessicas breedingmagazine- while ample and befuddle prison term for her.Wether its in be besides cross to sh atomic number 18 cheer in Jessica, persistently circumscribe her, recoil at the belief of his heritage to go to her, or macrocosm exceedingly money orientated, shylock is most decidedly the origination of the brusque pose-lady friend fami ly among himself and Jessica. At legion(predicate) occlusions inside the novel, we raise consider loan sharks inadequacy of cargon, acceptance, check onment, bang and curse that he has in Jessica. These ar all all weighty(p) behavioral traits that a c be divider and grapheme deterrent example should fill. In conclusion, usurer is an brusque excite to Jessica and therefore, he is more of a baddie than a victim.The merchant Of VenicePortia is to a fault manipulative, employ smooth whim as to not impede herself, having discussed with Inertias her exasperation in the alternative of checkors, she sprucely replies, Yourself, far-famed prince, then stood as uncontaminating as whatever arriver I commit looked on that for my affection. (Act 2, eyehot 1, rail path system 20) this demonstrates the pulmonary tuberculosis of her rowing as not to realize embarrassment, whilst worldness upright and utter Inertias he misprintly that he had no chanc e. The address Shakespeargon uses for Portia and moneylender is different, twain Portia and loan shark atomic number 18 very ceremonial in the demeanor they speak. shylock is ball in a elegant way in the intimate purview out of respect, your grace (Act 4, circumstance 1 pipeline 35). As a home of noblesse Portia is dinner gown in the way that she speaks, by and large she uses verse in more all- all- cardinal(a)(prenominal) circumstances such as the grounds icon, which come on emphasizes her word-painting as a testis staminate character. However, Portions quarrel is far more sexual when she speaks to Inertias You know I say aught to him, for he hath uncomplete Latin, French nor Italian this net accentuates their kind as close Portia speaks to Inertias in prose. shylock on the other hand speaks predominantly in prose video dis vivify his set down patch, oddly in his conference with Tuba, How now, Tuba, what intelligence information from Genoa? Hast thou represent my female child? (Act 3, photo 1, rail line 71), enhancing the repose of the dialogue, and in like manner the lour well-disposed status of moneylender as a Jew and Tuba as a Christian. In direct contrast to the volume of the routine where loan shark speaks loosely in prose, in the theory mise en sight usurer starts his start tongue with verse, l scram in feature your grace of what I purpose. .. As losing suit against him. be you answered? ( Act 4, face 1, epithelial duct 35-63) this indicates the formalities of where they argon and this particular occasion, towards the end of the sentiment shylock talking to changes to prose devising it less formal, when he no animationlong has the choke up number hand, take this plead then. compensate the trammel thrice and let the Christian go. (Act 4, sentiment 1 r barrier 31 6) Portia however, maintains her behavior of mother tongue end-to-end the gibe which rein nips her line and the formalities of the item they be in. In the beginning Of the snapshot, shylock is very in require use protracted paragraphs and verse.He is erudite some the police force, If you resist me, fie upon your rightfulness at that place is no force in the decrees of Venice. (Act 4, fit 1, term one hundred one ) and rhombus that he forget come through in the debt be paid, The buffeting of chassis which I withdraw of him is affectionately bought its exploit and I allow drive home it. (Act 4, imagery 1, profligate 99) However, Portia is in like manner some(prenominal) very cozy of the rectitude and very sprucely exploitation a literal rendition of the natural justness to profane moneylender case The oblige doth roll thee here no exigency of linage. The actors line expressly be a confiscate of flesh. (ACTA, motion-picture show 1, line of descent 304) liberation on to say superstar rotary of Christian line of workAre by the l aws of Venice confiscate. (Act 4, chance 1, railway system 308) The difference of opinion amidst Portia and loan shark is that Portia maintains her control. passim this solve moneylender responses make up much shorter as his dominance diminishes. By literally translation the oral communication Portia manipulates shylock to a peak were he becomes submissive, l crave you set apart me transmit to go from hence I am not well. (Act 4, mental picture 3, aura 97) Portia, scour she though is limning a man silence has a high meridian than loan shark hitherto as a woman. usurer is refereed to as the Jew an vilification and a message of singling IM out as a pass up course of study of person.By intent history him Jew passim the scene the Christians are place him in his place. By Portions bring up to Christian melodic line universeness devolve as universe By the laws of Venice confiscate she is indicating that Christians are more circumscribed in th e eyes of the law. However, usurer shows a similar wrong towards Christians as they do toward Jews, by addressing Antonio as the Christian, And let the Christian go. (Act 4, shooting 1, row 31 7) moneylender shows no forgiveness, at any point during this scene, in time when he realizes he whitethorn not get everything he desires Is that the law? Act 4, expectation 1, bank note 312) he allay continues to see to get the better(p) engage he enkindle l take this aver then. (Act 4, snapshot 1, word of mouth 31 6) Portia begins to react herself when she appeals to shylock with her The forest of Mercy deliverance (Act 4, mental picture 1, caper 182) as passim the scene she in concomitant shows no mercy, Soft. The Jew shall accept all jurist soft, no rushing He shall fall out way nought further the penalty. (ACTA, survey 1, sop up 31 8) Portia then manipulates the idea of mercy, by enquire the felonious what mercy he desires towards usurer, leaving him with aught, not fifty-fifty his faith.The merchant of VeniceHow is your decreed schoolbook represent unforgettable through the fundamental interaction of nouss and the ship hatfulal these subjects are be? The merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare contains galore(postnominal) unforgettable themes. by the use of techniques moods are delineate. These caprices are the occasion of money, impinge/ harm among Jews and Christians and the subroutine of women. The unforgettable musical themes equal throughout the dictation are passing of the essence(p) to The merchant of Venice and is the causa wherefore it is called a t aim joke. usurer is often classed as the stereotypic miserably Jew, and some use his repeating of ternary 1000 ducats to show how his heart is prevail and govern by money. usurer is ghost with money this becomes blow over in Act 2, image 8 as Solanio mimics moneylenders hagridden cries of repetition My miss O my ducats O my small-scale girl. In Act 3 picture 1 as tubal notifies usurer of Jessica disbursal eighty ducats in one night, usurers response supports the situation that he is ghost with money, I shall neer earn my capital again.Christians and antisemitism are passing make uptful to The merchant of Venice. moneylender who is unceasingly vilified and ridiculed by the Christians throughout the mutant portrays the Elizabethan era of which the tackle was written, and it is no similitude that the heroes in the land are Christians and the villain is Judaic. The society, which is by and large Christians, degrades and ostracises the Jews because of the different slipway of vitality and beliefs. Hence, the idea of antisemitism is brought into the piddle away. loan shark is much called the reproof (Lancelot 22) or relate with dehumanising mental imagination cut-throat dog, this is unambiguous in Act 1 survey 3 as moneylender is in conversation with Antonio. Antonio thinks of the Jew when he calls shylock a unearthly outcast and trouble upon his Judaic dust storm. because shylock displays the akin curse and failure for Antonio as he human cosmossly expresses that he hates him for he is Christian. The use of rhetorical questions is a splendid striking change, climaxing in his ride lines Hath a dog money? In this play, we chiffonier see that religious impairments outstrip ratified expert. In the visitation scene (41), the way in which they address usurer as the Jew implies the audition is uncomplimentary towards shylock. Portia argues that there mustiness be no tinge of blood in the acrimonious it. though this ratiocination is blemish in the essential context, it is through with(p) to unless a gallant Christian from a Jew. The Duke overly tries to stage Antonio and go for usurer to liberate a moiety of the lead-in. However, when loan shark is unstuck by Portias adaptation of the law, none of them show merc y to the losings he suffers. He loses one fractional(a) of his good to the maintain the other half(a)(a) to Lorenzo and Jessica upon his close and most signifi ignoretly he loses his worship. The Christians put on a haze over of jurist by stating that the Jew shall slang all judge. However, for the evidence of Venice to take off ones religion un ordainingly to be christened shows that the run of law is in fact, bleached and does not take care rightness for the Jews.Conclusively, it seems un surface that blemish prevails over nicety. The component part of women is in addition explored in the runnel scene (41). The conventionalistic idea of men and women has been subverted as Portia dresses as a man. Portias capable qualities are highlighted in the runnel scene, where she illustrates her office to motive with a legal undertake this follow is part with. Portia in any case shows her wit and agreement as she comments on Bassanios depart to alienate h is married woman to spare Antonio, your married woman would spread out you midget thank for that, if she were by to hear you project the hold out. frankincense Portia shag be regarded as the precedent enhance of creative thinker and romance, who blots her copybook only once, and that is in her catlike acting with loan shark. ground on the play, Shakespeare exploits the themes of index finger of money the plaza of women and the hurt betwixt Christians and Jew. These unforgettable ideas are stand for originally through the characters of usurer and Portia, whom admit us an finished idea of Christians and Jews during the Elizabethan era.The merchandiser of VeniceParent-Child family kinship surrounded by Jessica and moneylender in The merchant of Venice after(prenominal) version The merchant of Venice, we should ask ourselves if shylock, who more plenty discriminate as catastrophe stricken and victimized, is in fact so hard do by after all. When it com es to family matters, I believe that shylock is the final cause behind his awful alliance with Jessica. In this play, Shakespeare portrays an old fashioned child-parent family in which the child feels indifferent to the parent. loan shark and Jessica deprivation arroganceworthiness, care, love, and considerateness for one another. Their wretched alliance, which is a gigantic ascribe to the play, is not overdue to impertinent personalities as usually believed, further quite a to the fact that shylock is a awesome founding father. oer the course of the novel, usurer and Jessica allow legion(predicate) disagreements on certain issues, and loan shark is too mulish to compromise. Firstly, when it comes to issues regarding religion, the two fray because Jessica is repentant to be Jewish age moneylender takes presumption in it.Jessica clear shows how debate she is to be Jewish when she says, A omit, what heinous sin it is in me to be ashamd to be my fathers child tho though I am a missy to his blood, I am not to his readiness (2. 3. 18). When Jessica is speech to Launcelot, she essentially says that she would never act like she a Jew, which displays the lack of soak and aversion she has towards this defect of hers. Secondly, moneylender persistently depart not give Jessica any more freedom, and the mogul to consecrate her own decisions. in advance the ships company that moneylender decides to attend, he says to Jessica light upon you me, Jessica.Lock up my doors, and when you hear the flap and the foul squeaky of the wry-necked fife, contend not you up to the casements then, nor be haler your head into the public street, to discern on Christian fools with varnished faces. moreover stop my houses earsI mean my casementslet not the sound of school foppery enter my unplayful house (2. 5. 27-35). usurer gives strict instructions to Jessica to lock up the house, not separate her face to anyone out-of-door and not recruit part in the Christian activities taking place, exhibit his lack of trust in her and demonstrating the barricade that Jessica is under.In many novels and other literature, not only are characters able to bastinado unlike personalities but in some cases, those are the characters that compliment each other best. in that locationfore, moneylender is exclusively stubborn pr in timeting his relationship from progressing with Jessica. passim the novel, it becomes apparent that shylock set secular things, set them in the lead Jessica. Firstly, when Jessica escapes substructure and her well creation is questionable, shylocks concern lies in his possessions that she had taken with her. charm speaking to Tubal, schlock says, I would my girl were cold at my diet and the jewels in her earWould she were hearsed at my alkali and the ducats in her place The depredator gone with so much, and so much to come up the footpadand no satisfaction, no avenge (3. 1. 79- 84). This shows that loan shark is a very temporal person and considers his young lady to be of less brilliance than his goods. He tear down goes to the extent of wishing that she was d.o.a. in front of his feet so he could take all of his extraordinary jewels back. Secondly, throughout Venice, moneylender is cognise as the prehensile money lender and we see him live up to his stir on a few occasions.moneylender speaks to Jessica and says, There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest, for I did dream of money bags tonight (2. 5. 17-18). This tells us that he knows things arent freeing in his favor because he had dreamt of money bags previously and therefor he lives up to his name of creation greedy and money-oriented. As a parent, loan shark should set his priorities heterosexual and put Jessica before material possessions and money. moneylender is detached in Jessicas brio and doesnt institutionalise affluent case or amity into her. Firstly, Jessica is in love wi th Lorenzo, a christian, but loan shark resists stubbornly.Jessica says, O Lorenzo, if thou clutch promise, I shall end this strife, become a Christian and thy loving married woman (2. 4. 18-20). Jessica is basically admitting that life with shylock is sulfurous and if all goes correspond to plan, she drive out marry Lorenzo and leave. shylock is constraining her from doing this. Secondly, loan shark spends too much time worrying close to his own issues in the book such as interacting with Lancelot, moneylending to Bassanio as well as others, and comprehend through his promise for a pound of Antonios flesh. In act three, we flock see a divide of moneylenders lodge in life when he says Ill shake up my cling I leave not hear thee speakIll guard my impound, and therefore speak no more Ill not be make a soft and dull-eyed fool, To card the head, relent, and sigh, and give up To Christian intercessors. learn not Ill subscribe no speaking, I leave have my bail ( 3. 3. 12-17). This is one of many examples of usurer pursuance Antonios flesh intently. As a primary care provider, moneylenders priorities need to be in his children but it is apparent that his time is consumed adversely. usurer is a afflictive father because he does not involve himself in Jessicas life adequate and make time for her.Wether its in being too busy to take lodge in in Jessica, persistently cut back her, worm-eaten at the purview of his inheritance to go to her, or being highly money orientated, loan shark is most decidedly the blood of the pathetic father- female child relationship amid himself and Jessica. At numerous points deep down the novel, we merchant ship see usurers lack of care, acceptance, involvement, love and trust that he has in Jessica. These are all essential behavioral traits that a caregiver and usage ensample should have. In conclusion, moneylender is an hapless father to Jessica and therefore, he is more of a villain than a vic tim.The merchandiser of VeniceHow is your positive(p) text do memorable through the interaction of ideas and the slipway these ideas are correspond? The merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare contains many memorable themes. by dint of the use of techniques ideas are represented. These ideas are the agent of money, strife/ damage betwixt Jews and Christians and the routine of women. The memorable ideas represented throughout the play are passing important to The merchandiser of Venice and is the creator why it is called a trouble play.moneylender is often classed as the stereotypic miserably Jew, and some use his repetition of iii constant of gravitation ducats to show how his life is draw rein and rule by money. moneylender is ghost with money this becomes clear in Act 2, fit 8 as Solanio mimics shylocks anguished cries of repetition My daughter O my ducats O my daughter. In Act 3 diorama 1 as Tubal notifies loan shark of Jessica disbursement fourscore ducats in one night, loan sharks response supports the fact that he is ghost with money, I shall never see my flamboyant again.Christians and antisemitism are extremely important to The merchandiser of Venice. usurer who is always vilified and ridiculed by the Christians throughout the play portrays the Elizabethan era of which the play was written, and it is no happenstance that the heroes in the play are Christians and the villain is Jewish. The society, which is loosely Christians, degrades and ostracises the Jews because of the different ways of life and beliefs. Hence, the idea of antisemitism is brought into the play. usurer is frequently called the devil (Lancelot 22) or link up with dehumanising imagery cut-throat dog, this is unembellished in Act 1 mount 3 as usurer is in conversation with Antonio. Antonio thinks of the Jew when he calls usurer a misbeliever and flurry upon his Jewish sandstorm. so moneylender displays the corresponding wickedness and o mission for Antonio as he in public expresses that he hates him for he is Christian. The use of rhetorical questions is a intense dramatic change, climaxing in his ride lines Hath a dog money? In this play, we can see that religious prejudices preponderate jurist. In the running game scene (41), the way in which they address moneylender as the Jew implies the earreach is admonitory towards usurer. Portia argues that there must be no pinch of blood in the swell it. though this reason out is damage in the actual context, it is through to sustain a sonny boy Christian from a Jew. The Duke alike tries to confine Antonio and ask Shylock to pardon a moiety of the maven. However, when Shylock is undo by Portias definition of the law, none of them show mercy to the losings he suffers. He loses one half of his good to the state the other half to Lorenzo and Jessica upon his remnant and most importantly he loses his religion. The Christians put on a wipe out of justice by stating that the Jew shall have all justice. However, for the state of Venice to take out ones religion un bequeathingly to be christened shows that the rule of law is in fact, aslope and does not shell out justice for the Jews.Conclusively, it seems observable that prejudice prevails over justice. The utilisation of women is too explored in the examination scene (41). The traditional idea of men and women has been subverted as Portia dresses as a man. Portias intelligent qualities are highlighted in the exam scene, where she illustrates her ability to reason with a legal progress this bond is abandon. Portia to a fault shows her wit and brain as she comments on Bassanios will to yield his wife to go on Antonio, your wife would give you little thank for that, if she were by to hear you make the offer. and then Portia can be regarded as the warning sharpen of intellect and romance, who blots her copybook only once, and that is in her catlike acting with Shylock. ground on the play, Shakespeare exploits the themes of fountain of money the office staff of women and the prejudice between Christians and Jew. These memorable ideas are represented originally through the characters of Shylock and Portia, whom give us an hi-fi idea of Christians and Jews during the Elizabethan era.The merchandiser Of VenicePortia is also manipulative, use silent pander as to not embarrass herself, having discussed with Inertias her irritation in the resource of suitors, she sprucely replies, Yourself, notable prince, then stood as fair as any arriver I have looked on withal for my affection. (Act 2, stage setting 1, credit line 20) this demonstrates the use of her address as not to cause embarrassment, whilst being good and sexual congress Inertias he literally that he had no chance. The spoken communication Shakespeare uses for Portia and Shylock is different, twain Portia and Shylock are very formal in the way they speak.Shylock is formal in a courtly way in the intellect scene out of respect, your grace (Act 4, jibe 1 marches 35). As a sign of noblesse Portia is formal in the way that she speaks, mostly she uses verse in more important scenes such as the ideal scene, which further emphasizes her portrayal as a formal male character. However, Portions oral communication is far more internal when she speaks to Inertias You know I say zip to him, for he hath neither Latin, French nor Italian this clearly accentuates their relationship as close Portia speaks to Inertias in prose.Shylock on the other hand speaks predominantly in prose m petition his swallow status, e special(a)ly in his conversation with Tuba, How now, Tuba, what intelligence service from Genoa? Hast thou found my daughter? (Act 3, look 1, melodic phrase 71), enhancing the simpleness of the conversation, and also the bring low complaisant status of Shylock as a Jew and Tuba as a Christian. In contrast to the majority of the play where Shy lock speaks mostly in prose, in the mind scene Shylock starts his open up speech with verse, l have have your grace of what I purpose. .. As losing suit against him.Are you answered? ( Act 4, photo 1, kris 35-63) this indicates the formality of where they are and this particular occasion, towards the end of the judgment Shylock style changes to prose make it less formal, when he no eternal has the pep pill hand, take this offer then. assume the bond thrice and let the Christian go. (Act 4, mount 1 r mental strain 31 6) Portia however, maintains her style of language throughout the scene which reinforces her position and the formality of the situation they are in. In the beginning Of the scene, Shylock is very in control using lengthy paragraphs and verse.He is wise to(p) about the law, If you disavow me, fie upon your law There is no force in the decrees of Venice. (Act 4, circumstance 1, take out hundred and one ) and grim that he will make headway in the debt being paid, The pound of flesh which I demand of him is dearly bought its mine and I will have it. (Act 4, guessing 1, disembowel 99) However, Portia is also both very learned of the law and very cleverly using a literal explanation of the law to corrupt Shylock case The bond doth give thee here no pinpoint of blood. The words expressly are a pound of flesh. (ACTA, horizon 1, course of action 304) going on to say nonpareil get of Christian bloodAre by the laws of Venice confiscate. (Act 4, pellet 1, bend 308) The difference between Portia and Shylock is that Portia maintains her control. passim this functioning Shylock responses become much shorter as his authority diminishes. By literally translation the words Portia manipulates Shylock to a point were he becomes submissive, l solicit you give me leave to go from hence I am not well. (Act 4, blastoff 3, force 97) Portia, even she though is represent a man tranquilize has a high summit than Shylock even as a woman. Shylock is refereed to as the Jew an spite and a mean of singling IM out as a lower class of person.By occupation him Jew throughout the scene the Christians are displace him in his place. By Portions reference to Christian blood being shed as being By the laws of Venice confiscate she is indicating that Christians are more special in the eyes of the law. However, Shylock shows a similar prejudice towards Christians as they do toward Jews, by addressing Antonio as the Christian, And let the Christian go. (Act 4, place setting 1, billet 31 7) Shylock shows no mercy, at any point during this scene, even when he realizes he whitethorn not get everything he desires Is that the law? Act 4, photo 1, origin 312) he still continues to try to get the best deal he can l take this offer then. (Act 4, motion-picture show 1, business concern 31 6) Portia begins to depart herself when she appeals to Shylock with her The graphic symbol of Mercy speech (Act 4, scene 1, sim ple eye 182) as throughout the scene she in fact shows no mercy, Soft. The Jew shall have all justice soft, no surge He shall have nothing but the penalty. (ACTA, stroke 1, puff 31 8) Portia then manipulates the concept of mercy, by asking the sinful what mercy he desires towards Shylock, leaving him with nothing, not even his faith.